NOLEGEIN- Journal of Business Risk Management
NOLEGEIN- Journal of Business Risk Management is a peer reviewed journal and provides a platform to discuss new issues in the area of Disaster relief and recovery. The journal also seeks to advance the quality of research by publishing papers introducing or elaborating on Enterprise risk management and policy & Governance, risk, regulatory compliance. It's a biannual journal, started in 2018.
MBA Journals (Consortium eLearning Network Pvt Ltd)
Optimizing Enterprise Financial Risk Management: An Advanced Ensemble Machine Learning Framework for Transactional Fraud Mitigation and Business Continuity
Transactional fraud represents a critical threat to enterprise risk management (ERM) and corporate governance, draining billions annually from global financial infrastructures. The Nasdaq Global Financial Crime Report estimates total fraud losses at $485.6 billion annually, with credit card fraud alone accounting for $28.6 billion. Managing this operational vulnerability is severely challenged by data asset asymmetry, where legitimate transactions dwarf fraudulent anomalies by a ratio exceeding 500:1. Standard classification models trained on such skewed data fail systematically, either ignoring fraud entirely or producing unacceptably high false-alarm rates that disrupt business operations. This study presents a robust predictive risk framework designed to safeguard business continuity and enhance corporate defense capabilities. Combining an unsupervised Isolation Forest anomaly metric with optimized machine learning ensemble layers (LightGBM, Random Forest, XGBoost), we introduce a highly interpretable risk assessment pipeline aligned with GRC mandates. To optimize business exposure controls, our architecture utilizes cost- sensitive learning weights that heavily penalize missed fraud over false alarms, reflecting the asymmetric operational cost structure facing financial institutions. Hyperparameter optimization via Optuna Bayesian search across 80 trials ensures the framework performs at the frontier of detection capability. A stacking meta-learner further consolidates base model outputs into a unified risk signal. Evaluated against 283,726 real-world transaction records from the European Credit Card Fraud Dataset, the proposed enterprise framework achieves 99.5% classification accuracy and 23.1% precision on imbalanced data streams, substantially outperforming current industry benchmarks. The LGBM+RF hybrid configuration achieves PR-AUC of 0.6729, exceeding the best published benchmark. Integrating boundary-focused ADASYN data synthesis yields an F1-risk capture score of 84.6%, nearly triple the performance of random undersampling under identical conditions. Cross-validation confirms stable generalization with mean F1 of 0.9523 across five folds. By providing clear algorithmic interpretability via SHAP feature attribution alongside high- precision mitigation, this framework serves as a scalable solution for corporate compliance, financial sector asset protection, and resilient business continuity systems.
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), Financial Risk Governance, Business Continuity Planning, Operational Risk Mitigation, Cyber-analytics, Fraud Exposure Assessment, Isolation Forest, Ensemble Learning, Cost-Sensitive Learning, Class Imbalance
Copyright (c) 2026 NOLEGEIN- Journal of Business Risk Management
Predictive Fraud Detection Architecture: A Multi-Method Empirical Evaluation of Data-Driven Forensic Analytics, Internal Control Systems, and Continuous Auditing Using Primary Organizational Data
The growing complexity of financial systems and the increasing sophistication of fraudulent activities have intensified the need for predictive and data-driven fraud detection architectures. Traditional audit approaches, characterized by periodic reviews and retrospective analysis, are no longer sufficient to address real-time financial risks. This study develops and empirically evaluates a predictive fraud detection architecture that integrates data-driven forensic analytics, internal control systems, and continuous auditing mechanisms using primary organizational data. A quantitative research design is adopted, utilizing primary data collected from 150 finance and audit professionals across multiple sectors. The study employs structured questionnaires and applies statistical analysis using SPSS, including descriptive statistics, reliability testing, correlation analysis, and multiple regression modeling. The results indicate that all three components significantly contribute to fraud detection effectiveness, with data-driven forensic analytics demonstrating the strongest predictive influence, followed by internal control systems and continuous auditing mechanisms. The regression model explains a substantial proportion of variance in fraud detection effectiveness, confirming the robustness of the proposed architecture. The findings highlight the importance of integrating analytical capabilities with control structures and real-time monitoring systems to enhance predictive fraud detection. Organizations that adopt such architectures are better positioned to identify anomalies, reduce audit lag, and strengthen financial governance. This study contributes to the literature by advancing a predictive, multi-component fraud detection framework grounded in empirical evidence from primary data. It also provides practical insights for organizations seeking to transition from reactive to proactive fraud detection strategies. While the study is based on perception data, it establishes a foundation for future research incorporating real-world financial datasets and advanced predictive models.
IMPACT OF USER PERCEPTIONS ON DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICE USAGE: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE SAURASHTRA REGION
The rapid expansion of digital financial services (DFS) has improved financial inclusion, particularly in developing economies like India. However, despite better access, their actual use among rural populations remains uneven. This study explores how user perceptions influence the adoption of digital financial services among rural households in the Saurashtra region. Using a quantitative approach, primary data were collected from 275 respondents. The analysis focused on three key perception-based factors—perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), and perceived risk (PR)—and applied descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression techniques. The findings show that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a positive and statistically significant impact on usage. In contrast, perceived risk has a negative but statistically insignificant effect. The model explains 31.9% of the variation in usage behavior, indicating moderate explanatory power. Overall, the results suggest that rural users are more influenced by the benefits and ease of using digital financial services than by concerns about risk. This highlights the need to design simple, efficient, and user-friendly platforms. The study offers practical insights for policymakers and financial service providers seeking to strengthen digital financial inclusion in rural areas.
Digital Financial Services, Technology Acceptance Model, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Risk, Rural Households
Innovation-Driven Financial Inclusion as a Catalyst for Sustainable Economic and Social Development
A key instrument for advancing sustainable economic and social development is innovation-driven financial inclusion. It entails utilizing technology innovations like digital banking, mobile payment systems, fintech platforms, and data analytics to increase marginalized and underprivileged groups&#39; access to financial services. Innovative financial solutions facilitate access to banking, credit, insurance, and savings facilities for consumers and small enterprises by lowering barriers associated with cost, distance, and documentation. Low-income populations&#39; financial security, entrepreneurship, and economic involvement are all improved by this inclusion. Additionally, it strengthens rural economies, empowers women, and makes it easier for government welfare programs to be delivered effectively through digital platforms, all of which contribute to social development. By encouraging financial stability, transparency, and ethical business practices, innovation-driven financial inclusion also contributes to sustainable development. This study looks at how innovation-driven financial inclusion may support sustainable development and the economy. The study assesses opinions about financial innovation accessibility, digital financial usage, and their effects on social and economic outcomes using a survey of 100 participants by Convenience sampling method. The data will be analyzed using correlation analysis and descriptive statistics. In order to optimize the advantages of financial inclusion, the study emphasizes on the significance of digital financial infrastructure, financial literacy, and supportive legislative frameworks.
Digital Banking, financial inclusion, Fintech, Digital financial services, sustainable development, socio-economic development.
A Comparative Study of the Impact of Behavioural Finance on Equity Investment Decisions: Evidence from Investors in Junagadh and Rajkot
This study examines the influence of behavioural finance on equity investment decisions among individual investors in Junagadh and Rajkot. The research is based on primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 200 respondents, with an equal representation of 100 investors from each city. The study specifically focuses on key behavioural biases, including overconfidence, familiarity bias, regret aversion, and narrow framing, and further evaluates the impact of demographic factors such as age and education on these biases. Statistical tools such as independent sample t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyse the data and identify significant differences between the two regions. The findings reveal that most behavioural biases do not significantly differ between investors in Junagadh and Rajkot; however, investors in Junagadh demonstrate a relatively higher tendency toward narrow framing in their investment decisions. On the other hand, demographic variables, particularly age and education, exert a more pronounced influence on investor behaviour in Rajkot, indicating notable regional variation. The study highlights the critical role of behavioural biases in shaping investment decisions and underscores the need for enhanced financial literacy and awareness programs to support rational decision-making among investors.
Behavioural Finance, Equity Investment Decisions, Demographic Factors, Junagadh, Rajkot
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Intelligent Risk Management in Small-Scale IT Projects
Small-scale information technology (IT) projects are important in ensuring agility to the organization but portend very high mortality rates. Conventional, manual risk management models are usually highly simplistic and reactive in nature and they cannot fit the Agile/DevOps world of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) due to the lack of sufficient data, which is the central focus of this paper.1 Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the needed paradigm shift in terms of active and predictive foresight 1, the most current solutions are enterprise-based with an artificial technological and financial barrier.2 We describe how we designed an open- source application based on the framework and empirically validated the application. The PoC, which was created on the zero-cost stack of Streamlit and Scikit-learn, showed a high predictive capability using an interim dataset of N=51 real- world small IT projects. The comparative analysis revealed that the Random Forest model had 60.00% predictive accuracy and the count of Stakeholders is the most conclusive risk factor (Importance = 0.7). This study confirms the possibility of designing a lightweight, available and data-driven risk intelligence tool, giving an empirically supported blueprint of how to improve the resilience of projects within the context of SMEs.
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Project Risk Management, Small-Scale IT Projects, Predictive Analytics, Explainable AI, Agile Project Management, Design Science Research.
Savings to Investments: A Study of Financial Behaviour among Salaried Individuals
The transition from saving to systematic investment has become increasingly significant in emerging economies, particularly among salaried individuals who rely on fixed monthly incomes. This study examines the financial behaviour, investment preferences, and risk orientation of salaried individuals through an empirical investigation. Primary data were collected from 150 respondents using a structured questionnaire, and statistical tools including descriptive analysis, Chi-square tests, Spearman’s correlation, and One-Way ANOVA were applied to examine relationships between demographic factors and investment choices. The findings indicate a strong preference for traditional and low-risk investment avenues such as bank deposits, insurance policies, and post office savings schemes. Return on investment and time horizon emerged as dominant determinants influencing investment decisions, while overall risk tolerance was found to be low among most respondents. The study reveals variations in investment patterns across demographic groups. Age demonstrated a statistically significant influence on risk tolerance levels. Despite moderate levels of financial awareness, most respondents allocate a relatively small proportion of their savings toward investment, highlighting the need for improved financial planning and literacy initiatives. The results provide insights for financial institutions, policymakers, and advisors seeking to design targeted investment products and educational programs tailored to salaried investors.
financial behaviour, investment preferences, salaried individuals, risk tolerance, demographic influence, savings behaviour.
Managing Risk to Enhance Collaboration and Impact in Multidisciplinary Academic Research
Multidisciplinary academic research has become indispensable in addressing complex global challenges that span technological, social, economic, and environmental domains. As contemporary problems grow increasingly interconnected, no single discipline can provide comprehensive solutions, making collaborative inquiry both necessary and valuable. While collaboration across disciplines enhances innovation, creativity, and societal relevance, it also introduces significant uncertainties related to governance structures, coordination mechanisms, ethical compliance, data stewardship, and equitable resource allocation. These uncertainties often stem from differences in disciplinary norms, methodologies, communication styles, and institutional expectations. If inadequately managed, they can weaken collaborative relationships, create inefficiencies, and ultimately limit research effectiveness and impact. This paper reconceptualizes risk management not merely as a defensive or compliance-driven function, but as a strategic capability that actively supports collaboration and amplifies research outcomes in multidisciplinary academic environments. An integrated risk-oriented approach is proposed, emphasizing continuous risk identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring throughout the entire research lifecycle—from project design to dissemination. The study further highlights the importance of adaptive governance mechanisms, transparent coordination practices, and a culture of shared responsibility in managing the complexity arising from disciplinary diversity and international partnerships. Embedding risk- conscious practices within academic research systems enhances resilience, fosters trust among collaborators, improves research quality, and contributes to sustainable, high-impact scholarly and societal outcomes.
Risk Management; Multidisciplinary Research; Academic Collaboration; Research Governance; Research Impact; International Research.
Assessing the Role of India Post Payments Bank in Promoting Financial Inclusion: A Study on Customer Satisfaction
Financial inclusion remains a critical objective in India’s economic development agenda, particularly in extending formal banking services to rural and underserved populations. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), launched in 2018 under the Department of Posts, represents a unique institutional model that combines digital banking with an extensive postal network to enhance financial accessibility. This study assesses the role of IPPB in promoting financial inclusion, with a specific focus on customer satisfaction. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 60 respondents across Delhi and Delhi NCR using a structured questionnaire. The findings indicate that IPPB has significantly improved accessibility to banking services, especially in rural and semi-urban areas, through doorstep banking, Aadhaar Enabled Payment Systems (AEPS), and digital platforms such as UPI and mobile banking. A majority of respondents expressed satisfaction with service quality, accessibility, and ease of technology use. However, certain challenges, including technical delays and limited awareness of digital features, were identified. The study concludes that while IPPB has made substantial progress in bridging the financial inclusion gap, continued emphasis on digital literacy, grievance redressal mechanisms, and service enhancement is essential to sustain customer satisfaction and long-term engagement. The research provides practical insights for policymakers and banking institutions aiming to strengthen inclusive banking initiatives in India.
Financial inclusion, India post payments bank, customer satisfaction, digital banking, doorstep banking, rural banking, service quality
A Study on Financial Trading and Investment Practices at BigBulls
Financial trading and investment practices play a crucial role in shaping portfolio performance and risk management strategies in modern financial markets. This study examines the trading and investment practices adopted at BigBulls, with a focus on decision-making processes, trading instruments, risk assessment methods, and portfolio diversification strategies. The research aims to understand how market analysis, technology-driven tools, and investor behavior influence trading outcomes at BigBulls. Both primary and secondary data sources are utilized, including interactions with market participants, internal reports, and publicly available financial data. The study evaluates the effectiveness of various trading strategies such as intraday trading, positional trading, derivatives trading, and long-term investments. Emphasis is placed on the role of technical and fundamental analysis in guiding investment decisions, as well as the use of digital platforms and real-time market data for execution efficiency. Findings indicate that structured risk management practices, timely market analysis, and disciplined investment approaches significantly enhance return potential while minimizing losses. The study also highlights the importance of investor awareness, regulatory compliance, and continuous monitoring of market trends in achieving sustainable financial performance. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the operational framework and strategic practices at BigBulls, offering practical implications for investors, financial institutions, and market intermediaries
Financial Trading, Investment Practices, Risk Management, Portfolio Diversification, Technical Analysis, Market Strategies, BigBulls
Difficulties in Financial Risk Management: A Review of AI Applications
This paper analyses several uses of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in financial risk management. Financial technology has significantly transformed company operations, requiring an adaptation within the financial industry. Financial risk management need reorganization owing to the reduced effectiveness of previously used solutions. The artificial intelligence methodologies shown their effectiveness and enabled swift, economical, and improved financial risk management in financial institutions and enterprises. This research seeks to clarify the use of AI methodologies in financial risk management and to provide possible directions for future implementation and advancement. The analysis included analysing various papers, books, and publications about AI applications in financial risk management. A thorough evaluation of relevant literature was conducted to determine the extent to which AI methodologies, especially machine learning, may be used in financial risk management. Artificial intelligence has significantly improved market risk and credit risk management via data preparation, risk modelling, stress testing, and model validation. Artificial intelligence techniques may be beneficial for guaranteeing data quality, enhancing data via text mining, and detecting fraud. Financial technology will persist in shaping the financial sector by requiring adaptation to new settings and business models. Therefore, it is expected that artificial intelligence will be included into the financial risk management system.
Copyright (c) 2025 NOLEGEIN- Journal of Business Risk Management
Domestic Payment Frauds in India (2022–2025): A Quantitative Analysis of Trends, Risk Indicators, and Policy Implications
The rapid rise of digital payment systems in India, especially the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), has changed how financial transactions are made by improving convenience, speed, and access for everyone. However, this increase in digital payments has also led to more cyber-related risks, particularly domestic payment fraud. This research aims to look at the patterns and implications of domestic payment fraud in India from September 2022 to March 2025, using secondary data from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The study depends on three main indicators: the total volume and value of digital transactions, how often fraudulent transactions occur (measured as one in every ‘X’ transactions being fraudulent), and the fraud transaction share (FTS), which is the value of frauds per 10,000 transactions. By using descriptive statistics and trend analysis, this paper investigates whether there is a link between rising digital payment volumes and increasing fraudulent activity. The findings show an interesting pattern. While the volume and value of digital payments have steadily gone up, the occurrence of fraud and the FTS have not increased at the same rate. In fact, they show cyclical variations and sometimes even a downward trend. This indicates that better fraud detection methods, awareness campaigns, and regulatory actions may be reducing risks even as usage grows. This research provides valuable insights for banks, fintech companies, and regulators to grasp the changing nature of fraud in India’s digital landscape. It also offers solid evidence to help build stronger security measures for UPI and other digital platforms. The paper concludes by stressing the need for proactive risk assessment, real-time fraud monitoring systems, and ongoing consumer education to ensure safe digital financial services in India.
A Study on Evaluation of Mutual Funds and Stock Investments: A Comparative Analysis
Investment plays a vital role in achieving long-term financial security and wealth creation. It enables individuals to grow their savings, beat inflation, and meet future financial goals through disciplined planning and informed choices. This study explores the comparative merits and limitations of mutual funds and direct stock investments, two widely used investment avenues among retail investors. With the increasing participation of young and digitally empowered investors, the research focuses on 130 students possessing beginner to intermediate-level knowledge of financial markets. The study aims to identify which investment option aligns better with different investor profiles, based on risk tolerance, financial goals, and market understanding. Using a descriptive research design and primary data collection through surveys, the study investigates key dimensions such as risk and return perceptions, investor control, investment costs, liquidity, time commitment, and market knowledge. The findings reveal that mutual funds are generally favored for their lower risk, diversification benefits, and professional management attributes that appeal to conservative and less-experienced investors. In contrast, direct stock investments are preferred by those seeking higher returns and greater control, albeit at the cost of increased risk and the need for active management. The study offers practical insights for retail investors, financial advisors, and policymakers, emphasizing the need for informed decision-making and financial education to navigate the complexities of modern investing.
A Comparative Analysis of Risk, Returns, and Investment Preferences
This research examines how investors choose between different financial instruments by analysing their investment preferences, perceived risk, and expected returns. The study compares popular options such as equities, mutual funds, fixed deposits, gold, and real estate to determine how factors like age, income level, and financial knowledge influence decision-making. Primary data from surveys and secondary sources were used to identify behavioural trends across diverse investor groups. Results indicate that younger investors with higher risk tolerance are more inclined towards stocks and mutual funds, whereas older individuals prefer safer assets like fixed deposits and gold. The study also highlights how financial awareness significantly affects investment choices, with informed investors more likely to seek a balance between risk and return. These insights can assist financial planners and policymakers in developing strategies that align better with investor needs. In addition, the study highlights the crucial influence of financial literacy on individuals' investment decisions. Investors with higher levels of financial understanding tend to make more strategic decisions, aiming to achieve a balanced approach between risk and return. Such individuals also demonstrate a clearer grasp of market fluctuations and recognize the value of maintaining a diversified investment portfolio. The findings carry meaningful implications for financial advisors, investment institutions, and policymakers. Gaining insight into investor behavior and preferences enables the design of customized financial products and services that better align with individual needs. Promoting financial education initiatives and incorporating financial knowledge into formal education systems can empower people to make well-informed investment choices, ultimately supporting broader economic resilience and development.
A Study on Student Borrowing Behaviour Through Credit Apps in Chennai
This research aims at studying the borrowing proportion of students through credit apps in Chennai with a focus on Slice and mPokket. While these apps do provide rapid financial support, doubts are raised regarding their implications towards an individual's financial stability and mental well-being. Factors influencing the dependency of the student have been highlighted in this research while the effect of borrowing on stress, anxiety, and decision-making about finances has also been touched on. It analyses whether these students go towards being financially responsible or fall in the vicious cycle of debt. This also studies the effect of credit apps on the credit rating and financial opportunities that exist thereafter. Also, using responses from surveys, it gathers insight into how the students view the borrowing among themselves. The results from the study are targeted towards developing programs on financial literacy to promote responsible credit usage. It will finally raise awareness of the financial risks and the adherence to sustainable borrowing practices. In addition, the study explores whether students develop responsible financial habits following their borrowing experiences or if they become ensnared in a recurring cycle of debt. It also evaluates how the use of credit apps impacts their credit ratings and the financial prospects available to them in the future. Through the analysis of responses gathered from well-structured surveys, the research captures insights into students' perceptions and their attitudes toward borrowing among peers. The broader aim of this research is to support the creation of financial literacy programs that encourage mindful credit usage and promote long-term, sustainable borrowing practices, while also highlighting potential financial risks involved.
A Study of Deflation, Risk and Inflation on the Economy Cycle
Inflation and deflation represent two opposing economic phenomena that significantly impact economies worldwide. Inflation is characterized as a sustained increase in the general price level that lowers purchasing power, whereas deflation is a decrease in the general price level, which can impede economic growth and increase the real burden of debt. Both have far-reaching consequences on consumer behaviour, business investments, and government policies. This paper explores the causes, effects, and long-term implications of both inflation and deflation, analysing historical case studies and current economic theories. The aim is to assess which of the two presents more severe risks to economic stability and growth. Through a comparative analysis of the dangers of hyperinflation and deflationary spirals, the paper concludes that while inflation may erode wealth, deflation poses a more sustained threat to economic activity and recovery. The underlying causes of inflation and deflation, their direct and indirect consequences on economic stability, and their implications for important economic stakeholders—such as consumers, corporations, and policymakers—are all critically examined in this study. The study attempts to offer a detailed view of their long-term effects by applying modern economic theories and incorporating lessons from historical case studies, such as the Great Depression in the United States and the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. The dangers of deflationary spirals, which can result in protracted economic stagnation and unemployment, are contrasted with those of hyperinflation, which can cause currency depreciation and financial instability.
SAARC-India Trade and Economic Cooperation: Prospects and Difficulties
In order to create and advance regional and economic unity among South Asian countries, SAARC was founded in 1995. One of the organization's founding members, India has always been important. Over the years, there have been variations in India's trade with SAARC countries. India maintains close trading relations with all of the SAARC countries, especially with Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The volume and value of India's bilateral imports and exports are greater when compared to these three nations. In addition, it was discovered that, in terms of monetary value, Afghanistan and the Maldives had the lowest volume of exports. Given that it controls 70% of the SAARC region, both geographically and economically, India plays a crucial role in the organization. The goal of the current article was to investigate the factors that contribute to the member nations' greatest and least significant export share with India. India’s position as the main force behind trade and commerce within the SAARC region is further highlighted by the fact that it controls 70% of the region's land and 70% of its economic production. By examining the major variables impacting both high-volume trade partnerships and smaller trade contributions, the current study explores the fundamental causes of the differences in trade volume across the SAARC countries. It also examines how India's export patterns with its SAARC peers are influenced by political, economic, and infrastructure factors, emphasizing the difficulties and possibilities for strengthening regional trade alliances.
Developing the Future of Management: Strategic Innovation Using Design Thinking and Business Analytics
Design thinking is a new, human-cantered approach that promotes creative problem-solving by combining empathy, ideation, and iterative procedures. By combining many viewpoints and cooperative ideas, it goes beyond conventional approaches and is defined as the application of collective wisdom to complicated problems. In management, design thinking enables companies to promote innovation, connect strategies with user-centric solutions, and overcome uncertainty. When paired with business analytics, design thinking gains a powerful edge, leveraging data-driven insights to validate ideas, predict outcomes, and refine decisions. This synergy bridges the gap between intuitive creativity and analytical precision, enabling managers to craft adaptive strategies and sustainable solutions. This article explores the definition of design thinking, its relevance in contemporary management, and how its integration with business analytics reshapes decision-making, creating pathways for resilience and future-ready leadership. The fusion of analytical rigor and creative problem-solving helps bridge the long-standing gap between logical reasoning and imaginative thinking. This integration empowers leaders to craft dynamic, forward-thinking strategies that are practical, impactful, and sustainable. When design thinking is combined with the insights derived from business analytics, it enables managers to make smarter, more inclusive, and resilient choices amid rising uncertainty. This article explores the core concepts and methodology of design thinking, highlights its increasing relevance in today’s management landscape, and investigates how its alignment with business analytics is reshaping strategic decision-making. This combined approach fosters empathetic leadership, drives innovation-led growth, and equips organizations to respond proactively to emerging challenges
A Markov Chain Model for Assessing the Risk of Road Transport in Nigeria
In this paper, we study the occurrence of road accidents in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria to determine the fatality within the period under study. The data for the study was secondary data collected on road accidents from FRSC Statistical Digest, 2019 - 2023. We adopted Markov chain analysis to determine the risk of road transport using the risk matrix. From the result of the study, we discovered that the frequency of road accidents in South-East Nigeria in the long run would lie between the range (1376.2, 2469.4) with probability 0.2114, followed by (3562.6, 4655.8) with probability 0.2024. And the number of accidents will fall between 1376.2 and 2469.4 with 21.14 % of the total accident that happened within the time. For consequences and with probability 0.20, the most likely number of fatalities will be equally likely across all the intervals with 20% of the fatality within the period. The risk value within the period was 6.7962. This value is very high and unacceptable; hence, we concluded that the risk was out of the tolerable limit. Therefore, we recommend urgent intervention to reduce the risk of road transport in Nigeria due to accidents.Hence, it is strongly advised that prompt and well-coordinated measures—such as enhanced enforcement of traffic laws, increased public education initiatives, and upgrades to road infrastructure—be implemented to reduce the high level of risk and improve the safety of commuters in the region.
Risk and return analysis of selected Balanced Mutual funds
Mutual fund is regarded as an important form of investment as it becomes difficult for the investors to understand about where or when to invest and hence the professional managers make it easy for the people to gain benefits from the mutual funds. The investors are provided different options while investment and the ratio of investment between equity and debt also varies, based on which the customers plan out their investment in the type of fund which suits them. The mutual funds are distributed through the brokers and the customers could easily select mutual funds of their own choice. There is risk and return difference in the type of mutual funds. The returns of selected Mid-cap mutual funds have been evaluated based on Historical Returns wherein returns for a period of 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 year, 3 years, 5 years and YTD have been considered. Based on Annual returns, the return for 2019 – 2023 has been considered. Treynor's Ratio, Jenson's Alpha, Sharpe's ratio, standard deviation, and beta have all been used to assess the risk of particular mutual funds. The balanced funds are such wherein investment is made in Equity and debt in a balanced manner, hence people invest in this fund for getting benefits of equity and debt.
Financial theories associated with financial distress – A systematic review.
Decisions related to capital structure are not easy, it is important that such a structure is optimal, and debt and equity mix needs to be appropriate for further handling the operations of business. The management of the business finds it difficult to plan their capital structure. Modigliani and Miller (1958) in their study, discussed about interest as an expense which is a tax-deductible expense, hence the companies need to raise their debt in the capital structure so that they could receive tax benefit. Additionally, it would increase the employment of debt which means that there will be increase in the worth of the said business. It can be said that deployment of debt is beneficial to a certain level, but when the firm goes beyond a certain level then the firm will feel some financial burden. A systematic assessment of financial ideas related to financial distress The need of keeping a healthy capital structure is emphasized as this systematic review explores the financial theories related to financial crisis. It looks at how debt and equity interact, the effects of excessive leverage, and the points at which financial distress is unavoidable. This study offers insights into how companies might maximize their capital structure to reduce financial risks and guarantee sustainability by examining theoretical frameworks and empirical data. Making wise capital structure choices is essential for protecting the company from future problems as well as improving financial performance.
Evaluating the impact of macroeconomic variables on the volume of money in SAARC member countries 2002-2022
While the impact of money supply growth on economic activity has been widely discussed in macroeconomic literature, this research takes a different approach. It examines how macroeconomic factors influence the money supply in SAARC member nations from 2002 to 2022. The data for this study, including interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, economic growth, and money supply, was sourced from the World Bank. The research employed the random effects model technique to test the findings, revealing some intriguing insights. For instance, in SAARC member nations, there is no statistically significant correlation between the money supply and the inflation rate. Similarly, no significant relationship was found between the money supply and economic growth in these countries. However, the study did uncover a negative correlation between interest rates and money supply among SAARC member nations. This suggests that as bank interest rates rise, the money supply and investments decrease. Furthermore, the effect of the exchange rate on the money supply was found to be significant at a 5% risk level. In conclusion, the study indicates that in SAARC member nations, the money supply may not be directly impacted by inflationary forces, as no significant correlation was observed between money supply and inflation. Additionally, contrary to the common belief that monetary expansion typically accompanies economic growth, the analysis showed that economic growth does not have a discernible effect on the money supply in these economies
Copyright (c) 2024 NOLEGEIN- Journal of Business Risk Management
Strategic Risk Management for PMPML Bus Operation in Pune and PCMC Areas
The purpose of this study is to improve public transportation safety and operational efficiency by examining the strategic risk management strategies used by PMPML buses that operate in the Pune and PCMC districts. The study investigates a thorough approach to risk management, which includes driver education initiatives, GPS-based tracking devices, and thorough road assessments. It evaluates a number of risk factors, including weather, traffic patterns, road conditions, illumination problems, and vehicle upkeep. The effectiveness of Journey Risk Management (JRM) system adoption in reducing these risks is examined. The study demonstrates how risk assessment and real-time data collection lead to more dependable and safe public transportation services. The effects of major projects on lowering traffic congestion and raising service quality are assessed, including the deployment of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems and infrastructure upgrades. The results imply that systematic risk management and technical developments are essential for raising the standard of safety and effectiveness in public transportation. The paper ends with suggestions for additional study and technology application to deal with persistent issues in metropolitan public transit networks
Evaluating the Effect of CSR on Financial Performance: An Analysis of the Indian Banking Industry
The purpose of this study is to ascertain how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects the financial performance of Indian banks. As CSR increasingly becomes a vital component of corporate strategy, the research focuses on understanding how CSR activities influence key financial metrics such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and net profit margin. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines thematic content analysis and qualitative insights from interviews with quantitative data analysis. The quantitative analysis reveals a positive correlation between CSR expenditure and financial performance, with CSR activities contributing significantly to enhanced profitability and operational efficiencies. However, the study also identifies diminishing returns on financial performance beyond a certain level of CSR investment, suggesting an optimal CSR expenditure threshold. Qualitative findings highlight the importance of strategically integrating CSR into core business strategies and involving stakeholders to maximize financial and non-financial benefits. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights for policymakers, banking executives, and stakeholders, demonstrating that well-executed CSR initiatives can serve as a strategic asset, fostering sustainable growth and enhanced public trust in the banking sector. The report also makes recommendations for future research, such as the creation of standardized standards for CSR measurement and a more comprehensive sectoral analysis.
Evaluating the Risk and Return Dynamics of ICICI Mutual Funds: A Case Study
This paper investigates the risk and return analysis of ICICI Mutual Funds, one of the prominent mutual fund houses in India. This includes a detailed evaluation of the risk and returns aspects of 44 ICICI Mutual Funds, with an emphasis on equities funds in the Direct Plan- Retail, and High Net Worth categories. By employing standard financial metrics such as the average and standard deviation, the performance of these funds is evaluated over a financial year April 2022- March 2023. The paper also examines a comparative analysis of AUM of retail investors and AUM of High Net Worth. The research will undertake a detailed examination to determine the effectiveness and acceptability of investment options for investors with varying risk appetites and financial goals. The study intends to help investors, fund managers, and stakeholders better understand the performance dynamics and risk profiles of ICICI Mutual Fund's equities offerings. The study's goal is to find trends and patterns in historical data that may be used to advise future investment decisions. The study's goal is to enable investors, fund managers, and stakeholders better understand the performance dynamics and risk profiles of ICICI Mutual Fund's equity products. It also seeks to provide insights on the efficacy and acceptability of investment options for investors with various risk tolerances and financial objectives. By identifying these funds' strengths and drawbacks, the article hopes to contribute to more informed decision-making in the mutual fund investment landscape.
Managing the Economic Turbulence Through Global Governance
The on-going turmoil in the world economy, which can be seen as a carryover of the 2007 global financial crisis, poses a threat to trigger yet another massive worldwide recession. The dire circumstances have instilled fear throughout the developed world to such an extent that The Economist in London has already forecasted a double-dip global recession initiated by the United States. The world stock exchanges went into a complete meltdown due to the turmoil, which was mostly brought on by the sovereign debt crisis in several European nations and the significant downgrade of the US sovereign long-term credit rating by Standard & Poor. Virtual insolvency has resulted from the Eurozone's sovereign credit crises in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal. Right now, Spain and Italy are in danger due to the crisis, and it is unlikely to end there. The common people's purchasing power decreases as a result of the sovereign debt being transferred to them, and this, along with the rise in unemployment, induces a severe reduction in domestic demand. Recently, India's Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee issued an announcement to the international community that, if the crisis is not handled harshly, it could spread and potentially result in a double-dip global recession.
Contemporary Dynamics of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
In order to understand the term ‘entrepreneurship', it is important to know the exact meaning of entrepreneur. The term entrepreneur refers to those individuals who focus on the development of new product and services in such a manner that maximum satisfaction is obtained by consumers through its use. The Secondly most important work that an entrepreneur need to perform is, to find an innovative solution of the problem that pertains in market by using the knowledge that he/she poses, therefore it is not wrong to say that an entrepreneur indulges in more thinking work as comparison to any other person. When it comes to the definition of entrepreneurship, it simply means taking those acts that are typically not taken during regular business hours. Nowadays the term innovation and entrepreneurship are used as synonyms. The entrepreneur of today’s is working like an innovator who always prefer to introducing something new in his business and setting up the trend which is good for the economy. Now let put some light on the concept of innovation. Innovation mainly stands for introducing a new production process which is not yet been introduce in market and not even commercially exploited. Innovation also includes the introduction of a new product about which the customers are not familiar; moreover, any change in the product's existing quality, raw material or even in semi-finished product which was not there earlier is termed as innovation only. Innovation play a key role in an enterprise as it helps the entrepreneur to do things in a new and appropriate manner. The concepts of creativity and entrepreneurship are the main topics of this essay. The paper tries to explain how innovation in products/services helps business in long term survival and growth in the present era globalisation.
The goal of marketing is to place the appropriate good or service in front of the appropriate audience at the appropriate moment. It includes all aspects of the business cycle, including production, distribution and sales. It also entails figuring out how to express the demands of the consumer and comprehending their wants. 9Ps of marketing can be applied to many types of businesses. With the world becoming more and more digital, image quality is more crucial than ever. Consumers want authenticity and product ethics are under strict scrutiny. This means PR is important for creating, maintaining, and changing brand image. Moreover, as technology advances, the work of business professionals continues to increase. To solve this problem, businessmen need to complete the process. Marketing begins with selecting the right findings and then supporting the sales execution. To do this, a company has to employ the best personnel. Salespeople, for instance, deal with a customer's initial human-to-human encounters. And within all that confusion, companies may utilize the marketing 9Ps as a framework to simplify their efforts. The 9Ps are product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence,8th P is Packaging and 9th P of Marketing is Payments. Businesses may simplify their operations by utilizing the marketing mix, often known as the 9Ps framework, to combat the complexity of current corporate processes. Product, price, venue, marketing, people, procedure, tangible proof, packaging, and payments are all included in the nine points (or 9Ps). Every one of these components is essential to creating a thorough marketing plan that connects with customers and promotes company development
Challenges In Soft Skills Learning and Development in Undergraduate Colleges in Odisha
This document discusses the critical role of soft skills in employability and the challenges hindering effective learning and development in this area. It points out the lack of creative teaching methodologies, overemphasis on communication skills at the expense of other essential skills, and significant language barriers as primary obstacles. The study focuses on Odisha, a region where students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds encounter these issues, particularly the struggle with transitioning from native language instruction to English. The document concludes with a call for a holistic approach to promoting soft skills education, urging educational institutions to ensure diverse methodologies, language inclusivity, and a balanced focus on all critical skills. Students in Odisha from different socioeconomic backgrounds struggle with the many obstacles preventing them from developing their soft skills. Particularly noticeable is the difficulty adjusting to instruction in English, which is sometimes required for postsecondary education and employment chances. These issues are further complicated by the lack of innovative teaching approaches, which restricts students' ability to acquire skills holistically. The statement calls for a comprehensive paradigm shift in the promotion of soft skills education in light of these urgent issues. It urges academic institutions to take a multipronged approach that guarantees inclusivity, diversity in methods of instruction, and an equitable focus on all essential abilities. Educational institutions can improve the quality of education and better prepare students for their future employment by creating an atmosphere that supports the development of comprehensive skills.
A Comparative Analysis of Dividend Policy on Selected Pharmaceuticals Industrial Units of India
The distribution of earnings (past or present) among the company's shareholders in accordance with their percentage of ownership is known as a dividend. A company's dividend policy outlines how profits are allocated to shareholders. A financial decision decides how much of the profits will be paid out as dividends to the shareholders. Research on dividends has questioned how much investors value consistent dividend payments in comparison to the capital that businesses need. In this paper, researcher compare share price as per Walter Model, share price as per Gordon Model, and the market price per share of selected pharmaceutical industrial units of India. Furthermore, a framework for comprehending the connection between dividend payments, the needed rate of return, and the anticipated growth rate of dividends is offered by the Gordon Model, another essential instrument in dividend research. By applying the Gordon Model to analyze share prices, researchers may assess the impact of growth forecasts and dividend yields on market sentiment and investment decisions The analysis of market dynamics in pharmaceutical companies gives the theoretical frameworks offered by the Walter and Gordon Models a more grounded perspective. In the context of India's pharmaceutical sector, this study aims to provide insightful information on the difficult balancing act between regular dividend payments, the capital required for company expansion, and the ensuing effects on shareholder wealth. It is anticipated that the results will be useful to policymakers, investors, and industry practitioners who are looking for a more in-depth knowledge of the dynamics of dividend policy in an important area of the economy.